Author Archives: Photographer -- Journalist

Now is the time to step forward, and discuss the things and issues many “do not know”, and clarify the reasoning to do so – “. . . many people make irrational decisions, or follow groups that, in reality, do not know what it is they do not know . . . Whereas, Dissension is the very basis for Needed Change. . . and the ongoing Genocide against our Wild Horses is not useful, to neither our culture nor our wildlife in America.”

Clarity of understanding knowledgeable and well-defined information, is an issue we define and redefine constantly, a truthful necessity to do so does exits, and for many reasons discussed below. 

Quite obvious, that many of the decisions we make, or in support of particular groups in the Wild Horse Advocacy, are not really useful to the Wild Horses, but merely to the groups themselves.  Wild Horses die, as we attempt to stop the ongoing genocide, and yet, many advocates support or donate to the very groups and people, that are in support of this genocide – for profits and their very apparent Conflicts of Interests – and yet. . .

More options exist than what Wild Horse Advocacy Groups mention.  But many of the options have no money involved, or moderate amounts of money involved.  Tears for Wild Horses one moment, then the follow through in action, in reality, promotes the destruction of Wild Horses, or the obvious genocide.  What is it that the Wild Horse Advocates do not understand, in the matters of Pesticides, or other toxic chemicals used to send the Wild Horses to extinction?  Pesticide use is nothing more than an ongoing experiment forced upon the Wild Horses. . . Many people do not seem to understand this, at all.

So why the subject of Genocide, and why discuss it?  I could write volumes about this subject alone, but for now let’s note the road to genocide, and what it looks like:

1. Wild Horses are abused by government agencies and commercialized non-profits, which favor genocide as a resolution;
2. The Law to Protect them is ignored, the WH&B Act of 1971, among other laws, ignored in total and often, which favors genocide as a resolution;
3. Wild Horses are shot & killed in many areas, often ignored by government agencies, which is a government sponsored genocide, entirely;
4. Wild Horses are Darted via False Narratives with Pesticides, illegally, as laws ignored and no results to show necessity of darting them, which is genocide as a resolution;
5. No basis nor evidence to show Darting Horses with Pesticides saves any Wild Horses, obviously genocide in the background of endeavors and actions;
6. The False Narratives of a Wild Horse over-population designed to create empathy for the Genocide – directly, then “act” as though it is not genocide;
7. Paradigms to “Manage” Wild Horses on Public Lands are designed to Fail, favoring genocide as the ultimate resolution;
8. Wild Horse Managements main paradigm is to roundup Wild Horses, then send to Slaughter, which favors genocide as resolution for this group of wildlife;
9. Auctions of Wild Horses are driven by the ultimate end result, sending Wild Horses to Slaughter, obviously genocide is, no doubt, their mind-set toward resolution;
10. Wild Horses, yearlings and many foals, stolen from Public Lands, go to Slaughter Plants, favoring genocide and abuse as resolution;
11. Wild Horse Foal and yearlings often stolen, then go to foreign ports while still alive, where they are cut-up, while still alive, and fed to consumers, bit by bit until ultimate death – in restaurants, et al.;
12. Pro-Slaughter mind-sets establish their paradigm, or basis of their bias, favoring sending Wild Horses to Slaughter, which is genocide for Wild horses while favoring their Special Interests rather than the horses;
13. Ranchers and industry on Public Lands that favor Roundups and getting rid of Wild Horses from Public Lands, also denotes False Narratives’, which favors genocide, and we see commercialized non-profits repeat these False Narratives, within their entirely . . .

Genocide does not necessarily entail the physical destruction of a national or ethnic group of humans.  It is a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of many essential foundations of the life of groups, people and wildlife alike. . .  The resolution toward annihilating the groups themselves, as well as what they represent. The objects of such a plan, directly invoking our Wild Horses, and genocide remains clear.

1. Disintegration of the Iconic Wild Horses, favoring destructive industries unnecessarily;
2. Destruction of our belief systems, in the iconic Freedom values that Wild Horses represent;
3. To downplay the institution of Individuality of people and wildlife alike;
4. To show the ideology of personal freedoms do not exist, and can be taken at any moment;
5. The ideology of security, health, and dignity can be sent to extinction.

Raphaël Lemkin defined genocide in a significantly different way than the definition: “. . . According to Lemkin, genocide does not necessarily entail the physical destruction of a national or ethnic group. Rather, genocide signifies, a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, (i.e., within his speech engagements –or wildlife), with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.”

We discover, with further studies, and regard toward centuries old reference materials, quite a conundrum of affairs.  The answers to why the Wild Horses and Wildlife remains the subject of genocide, becomes, clearly, an apparition of things to come for humans, as well. 

This is exemplified by the ability to place the pieces of the puzzle together – One good example?  The World Health organizations, demand more information from not just the effects of Pesticides used as Birth Controls (yes, it is an Experiment – ongoing, never doubt that), as the WHO also wants deployment of information to them, specifically, of the aspects of how the citizens in America handle the use of Pesticides as a Birth Control.

To obtain knowledge is very significant today.  Too allow groups to manipulate your actions and reactions, is to “not” understand their objectives.  False Narrative is only one value used upon people, to actually confuse and hide the more corrupt behavior.  And to tell people that only one objective is useful, is, seriously, wrong and unethical, precisely.  – Article written by John Cox, Cascade Mountains, Part three up and coming . . .

Bibliography

Alvarez, Alex. Native America and the Question of Genocide. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Anderson, Joyce Rain. “Walking with Relatives: Indigenous Bodies of Protest.” In Unruly Rhetorics: Protest, Persuasion, and Publics. Edited by Jonathan Alexander, Susan C. Jarrett, and Nancy Welch, 45-59. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press, 2018. Doi: 10.2307/j.ctv75d8pr.6

Atleo, Eugene Richard (Umeek). Tsawalk: A Nuu-chah-nulth Worldview. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004.

Barsh, Russel. L. “Forests, Indigenous Peoples, and Biodiversity.” Global Biodiversity 7, no. 2 (1997),

Brown, LaDonna. “The Chickasaw Creation Story.” Chickasaw TV Video Network. November 7, 2013. Video, 00:01:37. Accessed July 26, 2020. https://www.chickasaw.tv/videos/the-chickasaw- creation-story.

Burkhart, Brian. Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land: A Trickster Methodology for Decolonizing, 20-24. Environmental Ethics and Indigenous Futures. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2019. Doi: 10.14321/j.ctvkjb3xp

Cajete, Gregory. Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence. Sante Fe: Clear Light Publishers, 2000.

Card, Claudia. “Genocide and Social Death.” In Genocide’s Aftermath: Responsibility and Repair. Edited by Claudia Card and Armen T. Marsoobian, 10-26. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

Carleton, Ken. “Nanih Waiya: Mother Mound of the Choctaw,” The Delta Endangered 1, no.1 (Spring 1996). Accessed July 16, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/archeology/cg/vol1_num1/mother.htm.

Cook, John R. The Border and the Buffalo: An Untold Story of the Southwest Plains. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1938.

Cordova, Viola F. “What Is the World?.” In How It Is: The Native American Philosophy of V.F. Cordova. Edited by Kathleen Dean Moore, Kurt Peters, Ted Jojola, and Amber Lacy, 100-106. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007.

Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, 2003.

Dary, David A. The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal. Sage Books, 1989.

Deloria Jr., Vine. “Relativity, Relatedness, and Reality.” In Spirit and Reason: The Vine Deloria,Jr., Reader. Edited by Barbara Deloria, Kristen Foehner, and Sam Scinta, 31-39. Golden:Fulcrum Publishing, 1999.

Deloria Jr., Vine and Daniel R. Wildcat. Power and Place: Indian Education in America. Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 2001.

Dowie, Mark. Conservation Refugees: The Hundred-Year Conflict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009. Doi: 10.7551/mitpress/7532.001.0001

Fitzgerald, David and Linda Hasselstrom. Bison: Monarch of the Plains. Portland: Graphic ArtsCenter Publishing Company, 1998.

Gone, Joseph P. “Colonial Genocide and Historical Trauma in Native North America: Complicating Contemporary Attributions.” In Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Edited by Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto, and Alexander Laban Hinton, 273-291. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014. Doi: 10.1215/9780822376149-013

Green, Richard. “Moundville: Home of Prehistoric Chickasaws?” Chickasaw TV Video Network, October 9, 2017. Video, 00:01:22. Accessed July 26, 2020. https://www.chickasaw.tv/videos/moundville-home-of-prehistoric-chickasaws.

Grinde, Donald A. and Bruce E. Johansen. Ecocide of Native America: Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples. Santa Fe: Clear Light Publishers, 1995. Eichler©2020 Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.5038/1911‑9933.14.2.1720120

Hämäläinin, Pekka. “The First Phase of Destruction: Killing the Southern Plains Buffalo, 1790-1840.” Great Plains Quarterly 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2001), 101-114.

Higgins, Polly. Eradicating Genocide: Laws and Governance to Prevent the Destruction of Our Planet. London: Shepheard-Walwyn LTD, 2010.

Hogan, Linda. “First People.” In Intimate Nature: The Bond between Women and Animals. Edited by Linda Hogan, Deena Metzger, and Brenda Paterson, 6-19. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1997.

Hubbard, Tasha. “Buffalo Genocide in Nineteenth-Century North America: ‘Kill, Skin, and Sell.’” In Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Edited by Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto, and Alexander Laban Hinton, 292-305. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014. Doi: 10.1215/9780822376149-014

Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511549861 Jacob, Michelle M. Indian Pilgrims: Indigenous Journeys of Activism and Healing with Saint Kateri Tekakwitha. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2016.

LaDuke, Winona. All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life. Massachusetts: South End Press, 1999.

Lemkin, Raphaël. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. New Hampshire: Rumford Press, 1944.

Lewis, Henry T. “A Parable of Fire: Hunter Gatherers in Canada and Australia.” In Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Collection of Essays. Edited by Robert. E. Johannes, 7-20. Cambridge: ICUN, 1989.

McPhereson, Dennis H. and Douglas J. Rabb. Indian from the Inside: Native American Philosophy and Cultural Renewal. 2nd ed. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., Inc., 2011.

Moses, Dirk A. “Empire, Colony, Genocide: Keywords and the Philosophy of History.” In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Edited by A. Dirk Moses, 3-54. New York: Berghan Books, 2008.

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “Landscape.” Accessed July 27, 2020. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/landscape.

Neuman, Roderick. Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.

Norton-Smith, Thomas M. The Dance of Person & Place: One Interpretation of American Indian Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2010.

Pierotti, Raymond. Indigenous Knowledge, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2011. Doi: 10.4324/9780203847114

Pierotti, Raymond and Daniel Wildcat. “Traditional Ecological Knowledge: The Third Alternative (Commentary).” Ecological Applications 10, no. 5 (October 2000), 1333-1340. Doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1333:TEKTTA]2.0.CO;2

Short, Damien. Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death, and Ecocide. London: Zed Books, 2016.

Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. Dancing on Our Turtle’s Back: Stories of Nishnaabeg Re-creation, Resurgence, and a New Emergence. Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 2011.

———-. As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom Through Radical Resistance. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2017.

Smits, David D. “The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865-1883.” Western Historical Quarterly 25, no. 3 (Autumn 1994), 312-338. Doi: 10.2307/971110 United Nations. General Assembly resolution 260, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. December 9, 1948. UN Doc. A/RES/260(III). Accessed April 24, 2019. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20 Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf

Watts, Vanessa. “Indigenous Place-Thought and Agency Amongst Humans and Non-humans (First Woman and Sky Woman Go on a European World Tour!).” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 2, no. 1 (2013), 20-34. Wilderness Act, 16 U.S.C. 1131-1136 (1946), accessed July 30, 2020 https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1981/ upload/W-Act_508.pdf

White, John H. “Hunting Buffalo from the Train: Buffalo, Iron Horses, and the Path toward Extinction.” Railroad History 201 (Fall-Winter 2009), 42-49. Ecocide Is Genocide©2020 Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.5038/1911‑9933.14.2.1720121

Whitt, Laurelyn. Science, Colonialism, and Indigenous Peoples: The Cultural Politics of Law and Knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511760068

Zimmerer, Jürgen. “Colonialism and the Holocaust: Towards an Archaeology of Genocide.” Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. Edited by A. Dirk Moses, 49-76. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.

“When “genocide” develops within our Natural Habitats, in this case forced upon Wildlife and America’s Wild Horses, it must be stopped.  Genocide is not of essential science, but rather from bigotry, ignorance, and of profound bias.  Neither is it inclusive of ethical standards, necessity, nor of science. People must look at it with “open-eyes”, not minimize its tremendous impact, nor refer to it as humane-responsibility, or worse yet, as some type of essential science of necessity for management purpose (a lie or false narrative), which disqualifies it as a lands management tool or wildlife management tool.” – John Cox, Cascade Mountains

As a War Veteran, I am disgusted in total by what I’m seeing within corrupted government agencies as well as corrupt and commercialized non-profits today. In particular, directly involving Wild Horses as well as our nation’s Public Lands.  I am seeing we have lost perspective, in our very Freedoms of our Lands, as well as take-issue at being unrepresented, often not represented what so ever within these issues, by corrupted politicians’.  Our politician’s also take part in these corrupted endeavors currently ongoing within the government’s Grazing Permit Programs and Public Lands Management.

 In my perspective, the destruction brought upon the land, water, wildlife and Wild Horses in particular, was and remains an act of violence against these living communities. I then find, through research and other reference materials over the centuries’, that this violence considered nothing less than an act of genocide. Although, the study of genocide and our current responses to it are still largely colonial and anthropocentric.

I want to make it clear that this destruction of Wild Horses, our lands, and our water ways constitute forms of genocide according to metaphysics combined with a diabolical and bias form of noteworthy reality, which is based upon total ignorance – or, as I like to say, people who do not know what it is they do not know, and unwilling to find out.  

In environmental studies and alongside cultural genocide studies, the destruction of wildlife / Wild Horses, and our natural resources, is typically treated as a separate, but related phenomenon—ecocide, or the destruction of a species of nonhuman-nature. 

In my mind this remains non-definitive, consequently, we find the terms challenging, at best.  Resolution, when never admitting the ongoing genocide even exists, remains an inappropriate response toward resolution — i.e. pesticide or referenced as Immunocontraceptive (although, Immunocontraception is a birth control method that uses the body’s immune response to prevent pregnancy, we find the registered Pesticide they use actually destroys the immune system — so much for the term Immunocontraceptive, as it is, precisely, a False Narrative, and yet another erroneous use of either of the terms to work, with the other, in truth directly in opposition to the other) is simply a false narrative and misuse of both terms — I find the use of Pesticides simply resolves nothing, and pollutes our Natural Environment even worse than previously done within many decades past. 

Then the other reality exists, and government, alongside commercialized non-profits, well, they attempt resolutions toward their own lies, rather than approach the obvious truth, at all. This is quite costly to American Taxpayers.  One cannot resolve a lie; but when the lie perpetuates larger budgets for government agencies, as well as perpetuates further profit for commercialized non-profits and their salaries, as well as their advertising dollars to obtain donations, and currently more government grants, only then does the genocide continue – never to be admitted as such!

Recognizing that ecocide is a form of genocide challenges the anthropocentricism implicit in the current definition of genocide, which expands the concept of genocide without significantly altering its official legal definition. The superior definition of genocide, then all-inclusive of ecocide, beyond a doubt.  Part two up and coming . . . as genocide of our Wild Horses Continue. — Article: John Cox, Cascade Mountains

Bibliography

Alvarez, Alex. Native America and the Question of Genocide. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Anderson, Joyce Rain. “Walking with Relatives: Indigenous Bodies of Protest.” In Unruly Rhetorics: Protest, Persuasion, and Publics. Edited by Jonathan Alexander, Susan C. Jarrett, and Nancy Welch, 45-59. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press, 2018. Doi: 10.2307/j.ctv75d8pr.6

Atleo, Eugene Richard (Umeek). Tsawalk: A Nuu-chah-nulth Worldview. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004.

Barsh, Russel. L. “Forests, Indigenous Peoples, and Biodiversity.” Global Biodiversity 7, no. 2 (1997),

Brown, LaDonna. “The Chickasaw Creation Story.” Chickasaw TV Video Network. November 7, 2013. Video, 00:01:37. Accessed July 26, 2020. https://www.chickasaw.tv/videos/the-chickasaw- creation-story.

Burkhart, Brian. Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land: A Trickster Methodology for Decolonizing, 20-24.

Environmental Ethics and Indigenous Futures. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2019. Doi: 10.14321/j.ctvkjb3xp

Cajete, Gregory. Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence. Sante Fe: Clear Light Publishers, 2000.

Card, Claudia. “Genocide and Social Death.” In Genocide’s Aftermath: Responsibility and Repair. Edited by Claudia Card and Armen T. Marsoobian, 10-26. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

Carleton, Ken. “Nanih Waiya: Mother Mound of the Choctaw,” The Delta Endangered 1, no.1 (Spring 1996). Accessed July 16, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/archeology/cg/vol1_num1/mother.htm.

Cook, John R. The Border and the Buffalo: An Untold Story of the Southwest Plains. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1938.

Cordova, Viola F. “What Is the World?.” In How It Is: The Native American Philosophy of V.F. Cordova. Edited by Kathleen Dean Moore, Kurt Peters, Ted Jojola, and Amber Lacy, 100-106. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007.

Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, 2003.

Dary, David A. The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal. Sage Books, 1989.

Deloria Jr., Vine. “Relativity, Relatedness, and Reality.” In Spirit and Reason: The Vine Deloria,Jr., Reader. Edited by Barbara Deloria, Kristen Foehner, and Sam Scinta, 31-39. Golden:Fulcrum Publishing, 1999.

Deloria Jr., Vine and Daniel R. Wildcat. Power and Place: Indian Education in America. Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 2001.

Dowie, Mark. Conservation Refugees: The Hundred-Year Conflict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009. Doi: 10.7551/mitpress/7532.001.0001

Fitzgerald, David and Linda Hasselstrom. Bison: Monarch of the Plains. Portland: Graphic ArtsCenter Publishing Company, 1998.

Gone, Joseph P. “Colonial Genocide and Historical Trauma in Native North America: Complicating Contemporary Attributions.” In Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Edited by Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto, and Alexander Laban Hinton, 273-291. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014. Doi: 10.1215/9780822376149-013

Green, Richard. “Moundville: Home of Prehistoric Chickasaws?” Chickasaw TV Video Network, October 9, 2017. Video, 00:01:22. Accessed July 26, 2020. https://www.chickasaw.tv/videos/moundville-home-of-prehistoric-chickasaws.

Grinde, Donald A. and Bruce E. Johansen. Ecocide of Native America: Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples. Santa Fe: Clear Light Publishers, 1995. Eichler©2020 Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.5038/1911‑9933.14.2.1720120

Hämäläinin, Pekka. “The First Phase of Destruction: Killing the Southern Plains Buffalo, 1790-1840.” Great Plains Quarterly 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2001), 101-114.

Higgins, Polly. Eradicating Genocide: Laws and Governance to Prevent the Destruction of Our Planet. London: Shepheard-Walwyn LTD, 2010.

Hogan, Linda. “First People.” In Intimate Nature: The Bond between Women and Animals. Edited by Linda Hogan, Deena Metzger, and Brenda Paterson, 6-19. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1997.

Hubbard, Tasha. “Buffalo Genocide in Nineteenth-Century North America: ‘Kill, Skin, and Sell.’” In Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Edited by Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto, and Alexander Laban Hinton, 292-305. Durham: Duke University Press, 2014. Doi: 10.1215/9780822376149-014

Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511549861 Jacob, Michelle M. Indian Pilgrims: Indigenous Journeys of Activism and Healing with Saint Kateri Tekakwitha. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2016.

LaDuke, Winona. All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life. Massachusetts: South End Press, 1999.

Lemkin, Raphaël. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. New Hampshire: Rumford Press, 1944.

Lewis, Henry T. “A Parable of Fire: Hunter Gatherers in Canada and Australia.” In Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Collection of Essays. Edited by Robert. E. Johannes, 7-20. Cambridge: ICUN, 1989.

McPhereson, Dennis H. and Douglas J. Rabb. Indian from the Inside: Native American Philosophy and Cultural Renewal. 2nd ed. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., Inc., 2011.

Moses, Dirk A. “Empire, Colony, Genocide: Keywords and the Philosophy of History.” In Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Edited by A. Dirk Moses, 3-54. New York: Berghan Books, 2008.

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “Landscape.” Accessed July 27, 2020. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/landscape.

Neuman, Roderick. Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.

Norton-Smith, Thomas M. The Dance of Person & Place: One Interpretation of American Indian Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2010.

Pierotti, Raymond. Indigenous Knowledge, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2011. Doi: 10.4324/9780203847114

Pierotti, Raymond and Daniel Wildcat. “Traditional Ecological Knowledge: The Third Alternative (Commentary).” Ecological Applications 10, no. 5 (October 2000), 1333-1340. Doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1333:TEKTTA]2.0.CO;2

Short, Damien. Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death, and Ecocide. London: Zed Books, 2016.

Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. Dancing on Our Turtle’s Back: Stories of Nishnaabeg Re-creation, Resurgence, and a New Emergence. Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 2011.

———-. As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom Through Radical Resistance. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2017.

Smits, David D. “The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865-1883.” Western Historical Quarterly 25, no. 3 (Autumn 1994), 312-338. Doi: 10.2307/971110 United Nations. General Assembly resolution 260, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. December 9, 1948. UN Doc. A/RES/260(III). Accessed April 24, 2019. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20 Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf

Watts, Vanessa. “Indigenous Place-Thought and Agency Amongst Humans and Non-humans (First Woman and Sky Woman Go on a European World Tour!).” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 2, no. 1 (2013), 20-34. Wilderness Act, 16 U.S.C. 1131-1136 (1946), accessed July 30, 2020 https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1981/ upload/W-Act_508.pdf

White, John H. “Hunting Buffalo from the Train: Buffalo, Iron Horses, and the Path toward Extinction.” Railroad History 201 (Fall-Winter 2009), 42-49. Ecocide Is Genocide©2020 Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.5038/1911‑9933.14.2.1720121

Whitt, Laurelyn. Science, Colonialism, and Indigenous Peoples: The Cultural Politics of Law and Knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511760068

Zimmerer, Jürgen. “Colonialism and the Holocaust: Towards an Archaeology of Genocide.” Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. Edited by A. Dirk Moses, 49-76. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.